Mental retardation is more common in males, with a maletofemale ratio of 1. It is for this reason that the former description of the disorder is now obsolete and below average iq is not a characteristic of. Slow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herself. It occurs, with varying degrees of frequency, in families from all walks of life in both developed and underdeveloped countries. There are many causes of mental retardation, but doctors determine a specific reason in only 25% of cases. Mental retardation is not a single disorder, syndrome, or clinical entity. This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of mental retardation. A person with this condition often has difficulty learning and. Causes of mental retardation free download as pdf file. It is defined as an intellectual functioning level as measured by standard tests for intelligence quotient that is well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills adaptive functioning. The association depicted in table 3 between nutrition status and mental retardation shows that there is a statistically significant p 0.
This affects the childs development, behavior and his social relationships. The query is raised first by the family, in bewilderment, then. Postnatal psychological causes of mental retardation ncbi nih. Causes and incidence professional guide to diseases eighth edition. Approximately 30% of cases of mental retardation is still unknown, remaining 70% cases of mental retardation are as follows.
It starts before age 18 and is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skill areas. In the past, medical professionals called this condition mental retardation. In about 5% of cases, retardation is transmitted genetically, usually through chromosomal abnormalities, such as down syndrome or fragile x syndrome. Some learn only a little slower than the average people. Mental retardation is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i. The aamr classifies the causes or etiological factors based on. Mental retardation types, severity, causes, symptoms. Although more than 2000 causes for mental retardation mr have been.
Mental retardation an overview sciencedirect topics. The mental retardation can affect infants due to certain problems interfering normal brain development. There are many different causes of mental retardation, both biological and environmental. Intellectual disabilities lead to certain special needs, such as special education. The types of mental retardation are basically the same with the levels of mental retardation. Intellectual disability can be caused by a problem that starts any time before a child turns 18 years old even before birth. Mental retardation is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18.
However there are not any treatments or cures as of right now. Causes of mental retardation intellectual disability. The mechanisms of mental retardation with relative prevalence in a hospital referral experience are reported from the developmental evaluation clinic, childrens hospital, boston, ma. These difficulties will cause the person to develop more slowly than the normal child. Development of an international classification scheme mental retardation is a universal phenomenon. There are many possible causes of mental retardation, but the most common are infections that develop in an unborn baby or soon after birth. What are the signs of intellectual disability in children.
Postnatal psychological causes of mental retardation. Although with some children the cause of mental retardation is unknown, there are several known causes of this mental disability, which can occur before, during, or even after birth. Mental retardation mental retardation is defined as, an individual with limitations in cognitive ability and adaptive behaviors that interfere with learning. Mental retardation is also not a type of mental illness, like depression. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 853k, or click on a page image below to browse. In other cases, chromosome abnormalities are at fault. Pdf factors causing mental retardation researchgate. Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of mental retardation. The majority of people with mental retardation have mild retardation. Mental retardation causes, diagnosis and treatment in india. Mental retardation intellectual disabilities happen because the brain gets injured or a problem prevents the brain from developing normally. Most cases are due to environmental and psychosocial factors, such as lack of stimulation, inadequate nutrition, and exposure to toxins such as lead.
Causes mental retardation may be due to a variety of causes. Therefore, it indicates the lack of mental ability to adapt quickly to a situation or circumstances. Aug 14, 2019 intellectual disability is a condition in which your brain doesnt develop properly or function within the normal range. Intellectual disability now the preferred term for mental retardation is a disorder characterized by cognitive delays. Causes of mental retardation to five years of age she had developed an awkward stiff gait, she became socially withdrawn in personality, had frequent nightmares, speech was dysarthric, and she began to fall frequently and to have problems controlling her hands. One of these is the division into primary or endogenous cases, which are presumably due to heredity. In particular, the current definitions, causes of mental retardation, diagnostic criteria and epidemiological information will be presented. Significant subaverage is defined as anintelligence quotient iq of 70 or. Suttie, in comprehensive clinical psychology, 1998. Mental retardation is a developmental disability characterized by subaverage intelligence and impairments in adaptive daily life skills. Mental retardation share this page intellectual disability id, also called intellectual development disorder idd or general learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation mr is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by. For many children, the cause of their intellectual disability is not known.
Intellectual disability id, also called intellectual development disorder idd or general learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation mr is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. The number of untraced children was less than 2 per. Some causes of mental retardation in children include genetic disorders, environmental factors, trauma, and illness. Moderate the person can be trained but cannot learn academic subjects at school. Inherited disorders, traumatic injuries, and nutritional deficiencies can sometimes lead to mental retardation as well.
Mental retardation refers to the lack of mental ability or the skills to perform the daytoday living. Its onset occurs before 18 years of age 1, and its prevalence in the general population has been estimated at more than 1100 2. Mental retardation is a condition of poor development of the brain. Intellectual disability is a condition in which your brain doesnt develop properly or function within the normal range. The most common cause of mr in industrialized nations is fetal alcohol syndrome with an incidence rate of 1 in 100 births. Intellectual disability could cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than other children of the same age.
Mentally retarded children may take longer to speak, walk and take care of their personal needs like going to the bathroom and. Congenital syphilis has been known as a cause of mental handicap for many years. Mental retardation is a condition marked by intellectual and developmental delays. Hundreds of biological and clinical causes of mental retardation exist. Acquired causes of retardation include near drowning, traumatic brain injury and central nervous system malignancy. Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the organism. Sometimes referred to as intellectual disability, mental retardation has always been one of biggest causes of concern in terms of medical concerns. A complete and accurate understanding of mental retardation.
Risk factors for cerebral palsy, mental retardation. You may suspect mental retardation in a child if their motor skills, language skills, and selfhelp skills do not seem to be developing, or are developing at a far slower rate than the childs peers. Genetics and pathophysiology of mental retardation european. Several hundred causes have been discovered, but in about onethird of the people affected, the cause remains unknown. But, others may find it difficult to adapt to the surrounding environment. In the remaining 75%, predisposing factors, such as deficient prenatal or perinatal care, inadequate nutrition, poor social environment, and poor childrearing practices, contribute significantly to mental retardation. It is characterized by significantly sub average intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with related limitations in two or more of the following applicable adaptive skills areas. Aug 11, 2014 causes of mental retardation there are more than 250 identified causes of mental retardation. The disorder occurs before the age of 18 years, and is associated with numerous biological, environmental, and sociocultural causes. Mental retardation causes, diagnosis and treatment in. Mental retardation refers to substantial limitations in present functioning. Intellectual disability id, also known as general learning disability and mental retardation mr, is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. Surprisingly, this condition acts as both, a cause as well as an effect of mental retardation.
Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood. Older etiological causal classifications have proved to be too crude for presentday use. A guide to the causes of mental retardation and strategies for prevention. Altogether 326 children had an iq less than 86, and the incidence of severe retardation iq less than 50 was especially high. At times, the problem affects people when they suffer from brain injuries. Individuals with mental retardation learn at a slower pace, have low iqs, and may reach a. One of the first genetic cause is this condition called down syndrome. Risk factors for mental retardation were studied prospectively in 12 000 children born in northern finland in 1966 and followed to the age of 14 years. Mental retardation definition of mental retardation by. There are many symptoms and causes when it comes to a mental retardation. It occurs, with varying degrees of frequency, in families from all walks of life in. A number of factors including environmental factors. May 24, 2006 mental retardation mr is defined as an overall intelligence quotient lower than 70, associated with functional deficit in adaptive behavior, such as dailyliving skills, social skills and. It can be caused by injury, disease, or a problem in the brain.
Treatments for mental retardation generally fall into three main categories. Mental retardation 261 m ental retardation mr can result from a variety of causes. The second leading known cause of mr is down syndrome, or trisomy 21, with an. Mental retardation is a condition wherein a person has certain limitation or difficulty in mental functioning and skills such as language skills, writing deaf boysand social skill. Mental retardation is defined by the american association on intellectual and developmental disabilities as a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills that originates before age 18 years. Mar 27, 2011 causes and prevention of mental retardation posted by editor february 26, 2011 march 27, 2011 leave a comment on causes and prevention of mental retardation mental retardation is a condition wherein a person has certain limitation or difficulty in mental functioning and skills such as language skills, writing and social skill. The problems affecting the brain can occur during their development in the womb or after birth. There are various underlying causes of mental retardation and learning disabilities including specific genetic abnormalities and genetic syndromes, environmental causes, or multifactorial conditions when multiple factors, both genetic andor environmental, occur together and result in mental retardation.
Nov 28, 2018 psychology definition of mental retardation causes. Mental retardation can be caused by any condition which impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth or in the childhood years. At one time mental retardation was associated with an iq level below 70 and cognitive dysfunction, but today it encompasses your physical and mental functioning. Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect. It could take longer for a child with intellectual disability to learn to speak, walk, dress, or eat without help, and they could have trouble learning in school. Some of the most common known causes of intellectual disability. Of the 2098 causes of mental retardation that we have. Trisomy 21, also known as down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation. Mental retardation mr is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a significant impairment of cognitive and development due to abnormalities in the structure or function of brain. Down syndrome is basically a condition where a person has 47 chromosomes, as opposed to the 46 chromosomes that a person should normally have. A tough situation for most people to deal with, there is a constant research going on about its causes.
Mental retardation generally appears before adulthood. Get the facts from webmd about its symptoms, causes, and treatments. Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking late. It is defined by an iq under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. The american association on mental retardation gives the following definition. Mental retardation can affect 1% of the total population worldwide. Prevalence of mental retardation andor developmental disabilities.
Intellectual disability id or mental retardation mr is a developmental disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Retardation who 1992, to the american association for mental retardation guidelines mental retardation, definition classification and systems of support aamr 1992 both of which give details of standardized instruments which may be used to assess mental retardation and functional adaptation. However, most children with mental retardation can learn to do many things. A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind causing disruption in normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or interpersonal interactions, and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction the causes of mental disorders are regarded as complex and varying depending on the particular disorder and the individual. The link between the identification of specific causes of mental retardation and the development and. Get the facts from webmd about its symptoms, causes. There are various known causes of mental retardation, including genetic disorders, maternal infections, psychosocial conditions, drug exposure, and environmental chemical exposure. Considering the genetic or environmental and congenital or acquired causes of mental retardation, current diagnostic investigation is able to detect the etiology.
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